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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rusworld</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Россия и мир: научный диалог</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russia &amp; World: Sc. Dialogue</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-3067</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИИРК</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53658/RW2022-2-2(4)-166-177</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rusworld-65</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ РЕТРОСПЕКТИВА И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ. История международных отношений и внешней политики</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE AND MODERNITY. History of international relations and foreign policy</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Формирование и эволюция русских фронтиров</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Formation and evolution of russian frontiers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8943-5980</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барахвостов</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Barakhvostov</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>БАРАХВОСТОВ Павел Александрович. Кандидат политических наук, доцент. Доцент кафедры политологии.</p><p>220070, Республика Беларусь, г. Минск, Партизанский пр., 26.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>BARAKHVOSTOV Pavel Aleksandrovich. PhD (Polit.). Associate Professor. Associate Professor of the Department of Political Science.</p><p>26 Partizanskiy Avenue, 220070 Minsk, Belarus.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">barakhvostov@yandex.by</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Белорусский государственный экономический университет</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belarusian State Economic University</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>166</fpage><lpage>177</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Барахвостов П.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Барахвостов П.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Barakhvostov P.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.russia-world.ru/jour/article/view/65">https://www.russia-world.ru/jour/article/view/65</self-uri><abstract><p>Показано, что формирование русских фронтиров было обусловлено в  первую  очередь  необходимостью  обеспечения  безопасности  своих  рубежей. Выделены и охарактеризованы периоды в их эволюции. Установлено, что первая стадия (формирование милитарного фронтира) связана с постройкой укрепленных линий и переселением на огороженные ими земли казаков и крестьян. Вторая стадия – оформление  юридического  статуса  фронтирных  территорий  и  установление особых военизированных форм управления. Третья стадия характеризуется, наряду с трансплантацией на новые земли институтов редистрибутивного типа, доминировавших в институциональной матрице России, возникновением и распространением здесь рыночных институтов, что обусловило пространственную неоднородность российской институциональной матрицы. Заключительная стадия – дефронтиризация, для достижения которой задействовались различные инструменты: совершенствование материально-технологической среды приобретенных территорий, встраивание их в общеимперское правовое поле, распространение православия и сферы применения русского языка, экономическое стимулирование государством русской колонизации, социализация местных элит и их привлечение к процессу управления новыми землями. На всех стадиях эволюция фронтирных территорий управлялась российским государством, причем проводимая политика выстраивалась на принципах диалога с автохтонным населением. Наличие фронтиров тормозило переход от экстенсивных к интенсивным методам освоения пространства, переориентировало империю на самодостаточный вариант развития, обусловило особый, российский путь модернизации.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>It is shown in the article that the formation of Russian Frontiers was carried out primarily due to the need to ensure the security of the borders. Periods in their evolution are identified and characterized here. It is established that the first stage (the formation of a military frontier) is associated with the construction of fortified lines and the relocation of Cossacks and peasants to the lands fenced by them. The second stage is the registration of the legal status of frontier territories and the establishment of special paramilitary forms of the government. The third stage is characterized, along with the transplantation of redistributive-type institutions that dominated the institutional matrix of Russia to new lands, by the emergence and spread of market institutions here, that caused the spatial heterogeneity of the Russian institutional matrix. The final stage is defrontization, various tools were used to achieve it: improvement of the material and technological environment of acquired territories, embedding them in the general imperial legal field, spreading Orthodoxy and Russian language, economic stimulation of Russian colonization by the state, socialization of local elites and their involvement in the process of managing new lands. At all stages, the evolution of frontier territories was governed by the Russian state, and the policy was based on the principles of dialogue with the autochthonous population. The presence of frontiers hindered the transition from extensive to intensive methods of space exploration, reoriented the empire to a self-sufficient development option, and determined a special, Russian path of modernization.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фронтир</kwd><kwd>колонизация</kwd><kwd>институциональная  среда</kwd><kwd>институциональная матрица</kwd><kwd>Российская империя</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>frontier</kwd><kwd>colonization</kwd><kwd>institutional environment</kwd><kwd>institutional matrix</kwd><kwd>Russian Empire</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Астапенко, М.П. (1992), Донские казаки: 1550–1920 [Don Cossacks: 1550 – 1920]. Ростов-на-Дону: Логос.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Astapenko, М.P. (1992), Don Cossacks: 1550–1920. 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