The article examines the change in the world order and its geopolitical, geoeconomic, cultural and humanitarian consequences for Eurasian integration. The stages of transformation of the post-Soviet space after the collapse of the USSR are identified. The main risks for the countries of the region are characterized. It is concluded that medium-term challenges for integration processes include three areas: energy transition, information and communication revolution, including the expansion of digital platforms and the development of large language models, as well as the policy of the United States and other Western countries to contain and slow down the technological progress of Russia, China and other non-Western countries. These challenges pose a threat of consolidating post-Soviet Eurasia on the periphery of world development, but at the same time form the prerequisites for accelerating integration. Recommendations  are given on the need to strengthen the scientific and technological direction of integration interaction with the leading role of Russia up to its approval as the main one within the EAEU. This process should be built on the basis of mutual benefit and strengthening trust, strengthening humanitarian cooperation between Russia and its partners in Eurasian integration.

The relevance of this study is due to the significant transformation of the system of international relations caused by the geopolitical transit from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. In the context of modern global changes and dynamic processes in the international arena, the study of the transformation of Russia’s interests in the Asia-Pacific region (APR) is becoming especially important. It provides an opportunity to predict future trends in international relations and develop specific recommendations for the development of Russia’s foreign policy strategy. In the context of worsening relations with the West and Russia’s turn to the East, this study allows us to better understand key trends in the region and develop strategic solutions to strengthen Russia’s geopolitical status in the Asia-Pacific region. In particular, it is important to take into account the economic, political and military aspects of Russia’s presence in this dynamically developing region. Thus, this study plays a key role in shaping Russia’s long-term foreign policy strategy and its adaptation to new geopolitical realities, not only in order to strengthen its position in the Asia-Pacific region, but also to respond more effectively to the challenges and opportunities arising from the transformation of the global system of international relations.

For a long time, cooperation between Russia and Germany in the energy sector was based on bilateral interests and economic pragmatism, but recently in its relations with Russia the Federal Republic of Germany has been demonstrating ideologisation and loss of sovereignty in the important sphere of energy supply. This article investigated the history of bilateral energy relations, their characteristics, the political consequences of their disruption, and the results of the German energy policy. The results of the study include quantitative data on the volume of energy co-operation between the two states in the energy sector, as well as the status and dynamics of the German energy sector over the last 30 years. The main conclusions of the study are: 1) the thesis of Germany’s declining opportunities on the world stage because of its shrinking economic power has been proved.

2) The assumption of the importance of low-cost energy supplies from Russia for Germany has been confirmed. 3) The vulnerability of the German political system to external influence through destructive political forces has been revealed. The final conclusion was that ideology has taken priority over pragmatism in German energy and foreign policy towards Russia in recent years.

In the situation of transition from a unipolar to a multipolar world, the tasks of developing a dialogue with the Arab world are set out in the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation for 2023. In contrast to the “senior-junior” concept developed by the West, in which the allegedly “natural” leading role is unfairly assigned to Western powers and which causes growing resistance from the states of the Global South, Russia proposes that its Arab partners form relations based on a fair consideration of each other’s interests. The Arab ruling circles, experts, and the “Arab street” increasingly perceive Russia as a statecivilization that is not only located in Eurasia, but is also a driving force for the integration of the Non-West. Of particular interest is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a platform for generating ideas and coordinating between the emerging centers of power represented by India, China, and Russia, especially after Iran, a regional rival of Saudi Arabia, became a member of the SCO in 2023. Is the Arab interest in the Eurasian NonWest strategic or tactical, being in the second case aimed solely at exerting pressure on the West to obtain maximum concessions? This is a difficult, but key question that requires an answer from experts, which explains the relevance of this article. In his study, the author uses situational analysis tools, including content analysis methods, force field analysis and data visualization. The author concludes that the interest of Arab countries in integration in Eurasia, including cooperation with Russia, is predominantly strategic.

Stability in Afghanistan depends on many factors, including external ones. The article analyzes the development of the situation in the country after the Taliban came to power. Considering the development of the security situation, in the humanitarian field, and the social policy of the current authorities, the author assesses the internal situation in the country and identifies the main factors that determine the level of risks and challenges emanating from the territory of Afghanistan. According to the estimates given in the article, after the Taliban came to power, with the relative stabilization of the situation within the country, instability arises in the direction of Pakistan and Iran. The author has established the dependence of social sustainability in the country on the volume of external assistance. The author predicts a worsening of the situation in Afghanistan in the event of a reduction in foreign aid.

The article analyzes the security problems in the South Caucasus. The emphasis is placed on the key security threats to the Republic of South Ossetia, which is actually in a state of latent conflict with Georgia. The article uses the method of situational analysis (sitanalysis), which involves considering the problem at the applied level, identifying all the factors that influence the formation of the situation. The author considers that the most important part of the situational analysis is the development of practical recommendations in order to implement a favorable forecast and, if possible, avoid an unfavorable course of events.

According to the author’s main conclusions, the Republic of South Ossetia is currently facing a number of serious external threats to its national security in the South Caucasus. The existing threats, challenges and risks for South Ossetia in the South Caucasus region tend to increase, both in local and regional variants. According to the author, efforts should continue to create a sustainable security architecture in the South Caucasus in order to prevent any violent scenarios for resolving existing contradictions and achieving sustainable peace and stability in the region.

The object of the study is scientific social and  humanitarian  publications devoted to Russia of Kyrgyzstan scientists. These are works in five disciplines: “Russian language and literature”, “political science”, “history”, “economics” and “law”. The purpose of the work is to identify the degree of study and the specificity of research on Russia in Kyrgyzstan in studies on Russian philology, history and political science, and analysis of expert-analytical and scientific-educational materials on economic and legal aspects of research.

Of greatest interest to Kyrgyz researchers is Russian language, which is explained by the status and role of the Russian language in the Kyrgyz Republic and its dominant position in the capital, Bishkek, where all major universities of the republic dealing with Russian topics are located. In the sphere of the other four disciplines, the interests of researchers are limited to historical, political and economic relationships between the two states. The study showed that, in general, the ideological positions of local experts are manifested in a positive or neutral attitude towards Russia,  despite  individual (single) works that contain a negative interpretation of Kyrgyz-Russian relations.

The article examines the evolution of the system of traditional values in the era of fundamental changes in the social system. Values of different levels are considered: formational, belonging to a certain social system and changing with the change of the system, as well as civilizational, deep values, generated in a certain religious and cultural space and preserved in the system of ideals and norms of behavior of many generations.

Values reflect and express a certain state of the whole society. With the change of the social system through formational evolution in the West or through “catch-up modernization” in non-Western countries, changes occur in the system of values as an interconnected set of ideals, ideas and norms. Traditional values, as a rule, retreat before the values of “today”, generated by society itself or borrowed from outside. Conflicts of identity and self-identity of the individual and society arise.

In the first decades of the 21st century, in the context of the beginning of the change of the world order, new meanings of development are being developed and sought. The processes of globalization (technological revolution, global migration, flows of goods and information), as well as the West’s desire to maintain the dominant order, while nonWestern countries strengthen their importance in the world system, give rise to conflicts of values at different levels. However, not every civilizational challenge becomes a threat to traditional values. In non-Western societies, there is an adaptation of their value system to changed conditions while maintaining fidelity to the ideals and norms of their cultural and religious tradition.

In this paper, an attempt is made to understand the reasons for the formation of a particular order in a region based on the institutional approach. The connection between regional order and regional regulation with the type of institutional matrices of integrating countries is shown. It is established that when integrating social systems in order to mitigate possible institutional imbalances, institutions complementary to those dominant in the institutional matrix are used: when integrating X-matrix countries – market institutions and vice versa. The factors blocking regionalism in  integration projects involving countries with institutional matrices of the same type include: the presence of one clearly expressed hegemon and its support of supranational regulatory bodies, the presence of federal rather than unitary states in the region. It has been established that for countries with different types of institutional matrix, convergence is possible (for example, cooperation in the security sphere, participation in the Free Trade Zone), but integration in this case will be limited to only certain areas that are of exceptional importance for social systems, with the prevalence of regionalization processes (integration “from below” without the creation of any significant and effective supranational bodies). Factors that hinder the development of both regionalism and regionalization are increasing political differences between countries, polarization along religious lines, manifestations of nationalism and racism.

The introduction of artificial intelligence in the economy, increasing its share in the real sector of the economy and accelerating digital transformation require a large number of specialists in this field. States consider the possibilities and prospects of new technologies, regulate issues of their application, security, cooperation, etc. However, all this is important if there are specialists who can develop, implement, adapt, and improve artificial intelligence technologies. No less needed are specialists who will teach how to use AI, work in AI environments, apply AI in the professional sphere and everyday life. Although Russia is not a world leader in this field (according to ratings), but having a good technological research base due to the historically high level of fundamental physics and mathematics education and strong programming schools, it can become a reliable partner and platform for the creation and development of its own centers for training specialists in the field of AI in the countries of Central Asia based on universities with which Russia has established close ties.

This article looks into some main aspects of Syrian-Armenian relations. The first section gives an overview of the history of the Syrian-Armenian relations focusing primarily on the period after 1991 when the independence of the Republic of Armenia was declared and official relations with the Syrian Arab Republic were established. In addition, the factors that have contributed to developing bilateral ties are studied. It is noted that the most important of those factors is the presence of Armenian community in Syria which has always served as a link helping maintain friendly relations between the two republics. The second part of the article deals with the Syrian-Armenian relations during the conflict in Syria as well as it studies the role of the Republic of Armenia in sending assistance to the people of the Syrian Arab Republic and in particular – to the Armenian community there. It is concluded that positive experience and background of bilateral ties between Armenia and Syria, absence of evident contradictions in their relations and high appreciation of Armenia’s role in providing humanitarian assistance to the Syrian Arab Republic expressed by the Syrian government can serve as a basis for furthering and facilitating relations between the two states and peoples.

The article is dedicated to the 85th anniversary of the outbreak of World War II. This issue remains relevant, especially due to the current confrontation between the West and Russia. In political, public and scientific discourse, the USSR is often blamed for Poland’s defeat. The authors draw attention to a number of facts related to Poland’s preparation for the future war, the plans East (“Wskhud”) and West (“Zahud”), the mobilization plans of the Polish army before the war of 1939. Using documents, memoirs and scientific research, the authors aim to answer the question: against whom was the Polish army actually mobilized on the eve of the “September catastrophe” of 1939?

The article examines the role of legal norms and institutions in the formation of national identity, the influence of memory policy on legislation, cultural heritage and historical memory. Important in the formation of identity in our time is the new perception of historical facts from the point of view of their legal assessment and interpretation. The states of the post-Soviet space use legal instruments to influence the formation of selfidentification, setting a specific vector of development. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the impact of the new Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic and the approved development concepts on the formation of civil identity, as well as the historical and legal analysis associated with the 100th anniversary of the formation of the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region. The study presents a new look at the role of law in the preservation and transmission of historical memory, the formation of national identity in Kyrgyzstan.

In the article, a personal view of an Israeli student on the results of the presidential election in Russia in 2024. The issues of organization of voting of citizens of the Russian Federation living outside its territory are considered. Analyzed the possible and taken actions of the unsystematic opposition to discredit and fail to vote in the elections of the head of the Russian state in precincts located outside the borders of the territory of Russia. During the research, the results of the elections were considered from different points of view: in the regional aspect, by specific countries and by the election commission of a separate precinct. It was concluded that the non-systemic opposition (primarily located in the EU) has no real opportunities to actively influence the electoral behavior of Russians living outside the Russian Federation at the time of the elections.

The article examines the evolution of narratives of symbolic politics in modern Moldova (1989–2023), including among the political “rights”. The analysis of documents and political discourse allowed the author to identify three key narratives: Russia as a threat, European integration as a national idea, the myth of the identity of the Romanian and Moldovan languages (language narrative). Particular attention in the article is paid to the dynamics of political narratives, their coherence. The current policy of Moldova in constructing the Romanian identity among Moldovans, reflecting the interests of ethnic minorities (“unionist Romanians”), provokes social disunity, which is confirmed by the growth in the number of opposition forces and protests, and in recent years – in a decrease in trust in the foreign policy vector of the republic (European integration). However, the nationalist ideological trend, in general, is developing, overcoming “multi-vectorality” and neutrality.